同志村
同性恋镇，又稱同志村，英文上常以Gay village或gayborhood表示。一般來說是指一个城市中有大量包括Gay、蕾絲邊、雙性戀、跨性別人口居住或活動的地區。同志村通常有大批因應同志市場而設立的商家，比如像Gay Bar、Pub、夜店、同志澡堂、餐廳、書店及其它等等。
Such areas may represent a 同志友善綠洲in an otherwise hostile city, or may simply have a high concentration of gay residents and/or businesses. As with many urban "groups", gay and lesbian spaces or villages are a manifestation both of their necessity for a tolerant space as well as choice. Much as other urbanized groups, some gay men and women have managed to utilize their spaces as a way to reflect gay cultural value and serve the special needs of individuals in relation to society at large. In cities that have the necessary critical mass to support such a community, the gay "ghetto" provides a normalization of space that is essential to the culture's ability to be supported and practiced in a safe environment
典型的同志村可以在一個城鎮中的高檔或潮流地區中發現，chosen for aesthetic or historic value, and not resulting from the corralling of citizens bound together by mutual socioeconomic hardship.
然而這些同志村往往也可以在城市中勞動階級居住的地區找到，or in the neglected fringe of a downtown area – communities which may have been upscale historically but became economically depressed and socially disorganized. In these cases, the establishment of a gay community may eventually turn these areas into desirable, upscale neighborhoods, a process known as gentrification – a phenomenon in which gays often play a pioneer role.
Today's manifestations of gay "ghettos" bear little resemblance to those of the 1970s.[1]
目录 |
[编辑] Ghetto
在整個20世紀來說，Ghetto這單字，曾經被用來描述形容一個地區，居住著各種多樣處於傳統主流社會價值體系邊緣的社群，包括貧民、男同志和女同志、弱勢種族、露宿者、性交易者及波希米亞主義者。
These neighborhoods, which often arise from zones of discard — that is, crowded, high density, and often deteriorated inner city districts — are critical sites where members of gender and sexual minorities congregate. From one perspective, these spaces are places of marginality created by an often 同性戀恐懼症 heterosexual community; from another perspective, they are places of refuge where members of gender and sexual minorities can benefit from the concentration of safe, non-discriminatory resources and services (just as other minorities do).
在一些城市中，Gay和蕾絲邊congregate in visibly identified gay neighborhoods, while in other cities they are dispersed in neighborhoods which have less gay visibility because a liberal, affirming counterculture is present. 舉例來說，舊金山的男同志與女同志congregate in the gay and lesbian-oriented 卡斯楚街 neighborhood, while gays and lesbians in Seattle concentrate in the city's older bohemian stomping grounds of Capitol Hill, and those of 蒙特婁 have concentrated in a working-class neighbourhood referred to administratively as "Centre-Sud", but largely known as "Le Village". These areas, however, have higher concentrations of gay and lesbian residents and businesses that cater to them than do surrounding neighborhoods.
[编辑] 同志村的歷史
在早先的1960年代至1970年代，特定的同志社區並不像現在這樣存在，bars were usually where gay social networks developed, and they were located in certain urban areas where police zoning would implicitly allow so-called "deviant entertainment" under close surveillance. In New York, for example, the congregation of gay men had not been illegal since 1965; however, no openly gay bar had been granted a license to serve alcohol. The police raid of a private gay club called the 1969年6月27日石牆騷亂led to a three day rebellion involving over 1000 people. Stonewall managed to change not only the profile of the gay community but the dynamic within the community itself. This along with several other similar incidents precipitated the appearance of gay ghettos throughout North America, as spatial organization shifted from bars and street-cruising to specific neighbourhoods. This transition "from the bars to the streets, from nightlife to daytime, from 'sexual deviance' to an alternative lifestyle" was the critical moment in the development of the gay community.[2]
[编辑] 改造
The gentrification of some urban neighbourhoods has been catalysed by gay villages. Certain patterns of residential development are particular to the community.
The gentrification is linked, in part, to changing national and global economies, and in particular to the social and spatial restructuring of labor processes. Heavy industry has been leaving North America for developing countries or leaving central business districts (CBDs) for suburban areas, seeking, in both cases, cheaper land, labor, and tax costs. Conversely, the service sector has been steadily expanding, and investment in high-tech industries has increased. Much of the new corporate-managerial and service-sector investment has tended to be, not insignificantly, in the CBDs of large cities, and these sectors have also tended to employ large proportions of low-wage and/or part-time labor, much of it female. The expansion of these jobs in CBDs has constituted a significant part of the economic pull-factor to urban areas for lesbians and gay men, complementing the attraction of the cities as centres of gay life.
Lauria和Knopp, professors at the 紐奧良大學和明尼蘇達大學 respectively, tie these processes to the spatial nature of the urban renaissance which was occurring at the time. They argue that the "first wave" of low-wage gay residences in these urban centers paved the way for other, more affluent gay professionals to move into the neighborhoods; this wealthier group played a significant role in the gentrification of many inner city neighborhoods. The professors also noted that the presence of gay men in the real estate industry of 舊金山 was a major factor facilitating the urban renaissance of the city in the 1970s.
[编辑] Consumerization
The gentrification of once run-down inner-city areas, coupled with the staging of pride parades in these areas, has resulted in the increased visibility of gay communities. Parades such as 雪梨's Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras attract significant investment and create tourist revenue, and cities are beginning to realize, firstly, that the acceptance (or promotion) of lesbian and gay culture is fast becoming a sign of urban "sophistication", and secondly, that gay-oriented events, such as pride parades, the World Outgames and the Gay Games, are potentially lucrative events, attracting thousands of gay tourists and their dollars. The growing recognition of the economic value of the gay community is not only associated with their wealth but also with the role that lesbians and gay men have played (and continue to play) in urban revitalization.
Some cities have taken it upon themselves to artificially create gay villages to capitalize on gay dollars.In 2004, Oakland, California tried to create a village in a run-down portion of the city in an attempt to divert entertainment and shopping dollars from neighbouring San Francisco. The project has achieved mixed results as that city's gay community is spread out over a wide area. Moreover, some critics state that the level of social acceptance is higher in Oakland than in other cities, negating the need for a centralized gay village.
[编辑] 同志村的列表
同志村廣泛地散佈在世界各國的各個城市之中。Furthermore, some large cities develop "satellite" gay villages that are essentially "overflow" areas; in such cases, lesbians and gay men become priced-out of gentrified gay villages and move to other, more affordable areas, thereby creating entirely new gay villages. Some of the listed gay villages are technically not neighborhoods of a larger city but a separate entity entirely from the city for which they are the primary gay enclave, e.g., 加州洛杉磯的西好萊塢、佛羅里達州的Wilton Manors、魁北克蒙特婁的Plateau Mont-Royal。
一些城市有著定義清楚地gay village in the heart of a larger area with a significant gay population that would not necessarily be considered a gay village. For example, Davie Village is the heart of Vancouver's gay community, but sits within the greater West End area, which, though decently populated by gay people, is not necessarily considered a gay village. Other examples of this phenomenon include Boystown, Chicago, a well-defined gay village situated in the larger Lakeview community. Lakeview has a reputation for being a stronghold of liberal and progressive political views, but is far from exclusively gay, as a large number of straight families call the neighborhood home. Similarly, despite its predominantly gay population and higher concentration of gay venues, the South Beach area in Miami Beach, Florida, was never exclusively gay, because of its popularity among straight people alike. Philadelphia's gay village in Pennsylvania comprises downtown blocks from 12th and Walnut to 13th and Locust and is called "the Gayborhood". It is known for a wide range of clubs, bars, and restaurants along with LGBT health facilities. The Short North in downtown Columbus, Ohio is primarily known as an art district, but has a strong gay community and a high concentration of gay-oriented clubs and bars.
蒙特婁的同志村（法語Le Village）一般被認為北美人口最多也最密集的同志村。
一些城市也經常會跟同志聯想在一起，例如美國舊金山、英國曼徹斯特或布萊頓、澳洲雪梨、南非開普敦，甚至希臘Mykonos也被視為同志島。
聖迭戈市的同志村被稱為"Hillcrest"，坐落環繞著Balboa Park。Hillcrest相當鄰近聖迭戈的市中心不過is able to maintain a small town eclectic feel. While it is considered by most as the gay area of San Diego with its gay bars and dance clubs, the overall population of the area has only gotten more and more diverse with the rise in condominium projects.
在明尼蘇達州明尼阿波利斯areas surrounding Loring Park, site of the local GLBT pride festival, are regarded as a "gay" neighborhood, though many gay and lesbians people have migrated to more residential neighborhoods such as Bryn Mawr and Whittier.
在佛羅里達州坦帕，同志村是traditionally spread out among several neighborhoods. In the early twenty first century, the Ybor City National Historic Landmark District has seen the creation of the GaYbor District,這裡現在已經成為坦帕灣地區的男同志和女同志的生活中心，並有多間的gay bar、舞廳、餐廳和服務機構。
"Church and Wellesley"，是位於加拿大安大略省多倫多的同志村。它約略的範圍是南起Gould街；北至Charles街；東抵Jarvis街；西達Yonge街，並以Church和Wellesley街的十字路口做為該區的中心。該區並沒有一個明確的邊界，像一些男同志和女同志就居住在這一地區之外，很多的LGBT族群也居住在鄰近的The Annex、Cabbagetown、St. James Town和Riverdale，以及散佈在其他一些較小形的郊區城鎮。
Asbury Park, New Jersey houses a large gay community. The majority of vacationers who visits Asbury Park are gay, and the city houses New Jersey's only gay hotel, The Empress Hotel.
在一些城市，比如斯德哥爾摩和哥本哈根，並沒有形成群聚的同志村， partly due to the differing social dynamics of these cities (less social segregation within the city), but also due to earlier and greater social acceptance of the gay community within mainstream society. However there are areas which were historically known as meeting places for gays,例如斯德哥爾摩的 Södermalm，which remains a somewhat trendy area for gay people to live, though it does not have a predominantly gay population.
在其它城市， gay villages are not residential in nature, due to the high price of real estate. London's Soho district, the largest center of lesbian and gay life in the UK, is largely a commercial district; the city's lesbian and gay community typically live further out from the central city.
en:Le Marais，被認為是巴黎的同志區，在角色上是類似的，提供大量密集的同志商業，不過LGBT居民居住在巴黎的每一個區域，同時同志商業也幾乎存在於巴黎的每一個轄區之中。
[编辑] LGBT 人口
[编辑] 美國各州及城市LGBT人口排名
美國城市中同志人口最多的紐約市，據統計有272,493同志居民，[3] 洛杉磯市排名第二，有154,270人，第三名的是芝加哥有114,449人而舊金山以94,234人排第四。
而美國都會區中同志人口最多的是 New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island，有568,903的同志居民。Los Angeles–Long Beach–Santa Ana 則緊接在後，有442,211人，第三的Chicago-Naperville-Joliet, IL-IN-WI共有288,748人[4]
根據下面的列表，將排列說明美國各城市、都會區、各州的GLBT人口數及所佔的百分比情況。[3] The numbers given are estimates based on American Community Survey data.[5]
| 排名 | 城市 | 佔城市 人口 百分比 |
GLBT人口 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 人口 | 排名 | |||
| 1 | 紐約市 | 6% | 272,493 | 1 |
| 2 | 洛杉磯市 | 5.6% | 154,270 | 2 |
| 3 | 芝加哥 | 5.7% | 114,449 | 3 |
| 4 | 舊金山 | 15.4% | 94,234 | 4 |
| 5 | 鳳凰城 | 6.4% | 63,222 | 5 |
| 6 | 休斯頓 | 4.4% | 61,976 | 6 |
| 7 | 聖迭戈 | 6.8% | 61,945 | 7 |
| 8 | 達拉斯 | 7.0% | 58,473 | 8 |
| 9 | 西雅圖 | 12.9% | 57,993 | 9 |
| 10 | 波士頓 | 12.3% | 50,540 | 10 |
| 11 | 費城 | 4.2% | 43,320 | 11 |
| 12 | 亞特蘭大 | 12.8% | 39,085 | 12 |
| 13 | 山河市 | 5.8% | 37,260 | 13 |
| 排名 | 城市 | 佔城市 人口 百分比 |
GLBT人口 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 人口 | 排名 | |||
| 1 | 舊金山 | 15.4% | 94,234 | 4 |
| 2 | 西雅圖 | 12.9% | 57,993 | 9 |
| 3 | 亞特蘭大 | 12.8% | 39,805 | 12 |
| 4 | 明尼阿波利斯 | 12.5% | 34,295 | 16 |
| 5 | 波士頓 | 12.3% | 50,540 | 10 |
| 6 | 薩克拉門托 | 9.8% | 32,108 | 20 |
| 7 | 波特蘭 | 8.8% | 35,413 | 14 |
| 8 | 丹佛 | 8.2% | 33,698 | 17 |
| 9 | 哥倫比亞特區 | 8.1% | 32,599 | 18 |
| 10 | 奧蘭多 | 7.7% | 12,508 | 36 |
| 排名 | 州 | 佔全州 人口 百分比 |
GLBT人口 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 人口 | 排名 | |||
| 1 | 加州 | 5.2% | 1,338,164 | 1 |
| 2 | 佛羅里達州 | 4.6% | 609,219 | 2 |
| 3 | 紐約州 | 4.2% | 592,337 | 3 |
| 4 | 德州 | 3.6% | 579,968 | 4 |
| 5 | 伊利諾伊州 | 3.8% | 345,395 | 5 |
| 6 | 俄亥俄州 | 4.0% | 335,110 | 6 |
| 7 | 賓州 | 3.5% | 323,454 | 7 |
| 8 | 喬治亞州 | 4.3% | 278,943 | 8 |
| 9 | 麻州 | 5.7% | 269,074 | 9 |
| 10 | 華盛頓州 | 5.7% | 266,983 | 10 |
| 排名 | 州 | GLBT人口 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 佔全州 人口 百分比 |
人口 | ||
| 1 | 哥倫比亞特區 | 8.1% | 47,651 |
| 2 | 新罕布什爾州 | 6.6% | 81,561 |
| 3 | 華盛頓州 | 5.7% | 335,964 |
| 4 | 麻州 | 5.7% | 361,898 |
| 5 | 緬因州 | 5.2% | 66,295 |
| 6 | 加州 | 5.2% | 1,895,792 |
| 7 | 科羅拉多州 | 5.1% | 219,364 |
| 8 | 佛蒙特州 | 5.1% | 31,050 |
| 9 | 新墨西哥州 | 4.9% | 99,085 |
| 10 | 明尼蘇達州 | 4.7% | 231,215 |
| 排名 | 都會區 | 佔都會區P 人口 百分比 |
GLBT人口 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 人口 | 排名 | |||
| 1 | 舊金山灣區 | 8.2% | 256,313 | 4 |
| 2 | Seattle | 6.5% | 154,835 | 11 |
| 3 | 大波士頓 | 6.2% | 201,344 | 5 |
| 4 | Portland | 6.1% | 94,027 | 21 |
| 5 | 坦帕灣 | 5.9% | 119,044 | 16 |
| 6 | Austin | 5.9% | 61,732 | 29 |
| 7 | Denver | 5.8% | 99,027 | 19 |
| 8 | 明尼阿波利斯 | 5.7% | 130,472 | 15 |
| 9 | Orlando | 5.7% | 81,272 | 24 |
| 10 | Hartford | 5.6% | 49,000 | 33 |
| 排名 | 城市 | GLBT | GLBT% 人口 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 紐約市 - Northern New Jersey - 長島 | 568,903 | 2.6% |
| 2 | 洛杉磯市 - 長灘 - 聖塔安娜 | 442,211 | 2.7% |
| 3 | Chicago–Naperville–Joliet, IL | 288,478 | 3.1% |
| 4 | 舊金山 - 奧克蘭 - Fremont, CA | 256,313 | 3.6% |
| 5 | 波士頓 - 坎布里奇 - Quincy, MA | 201,344 | 3.4% |
| 6 | 哥倫比亞特區 | 191,959 | 2.5% |
| 7 | 達拉斯 - 沃斯堡 - Arlington, TX | 183,718 | 3.5% |
| 8 | 邁阿密 - Miami Beach - 羅德岱堡 | 183,346 | 4.7% |
| 9 | 亞特蘭大 - Marietta, GA - Sandy Springs, GA | 180,168 | 4.3% |
| 10 | 費城 - Camden, NJ - Wilmington, DE | 179,459 | 2.8% |
[编辑] 參見
[编辑] 註記
- ^ Hayasaki, Erika. "A new generation in the West Village". Los Angeles Times: May 18, 2007.
- ^ Castells, 1983 p.141
- ^ 3.0 3.1 Gary J. Gates Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community SurveyPDF (2.07 MiB). The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation Law and Public Policy, UCLA School of Law October, 2006. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
- ^ Note: the study cited is unclear as to the exact metro NY area that is included; on table 5, page 8, "New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island" is included, but in Appendix 2, page 15, Pennsylvania also seems to be included as it states "New York–Northern New Jersey–Long Island, NY–NJ–PA")
- ^ American Community Survey 2000
[编辑] 參考
- Cante, Richard C.（2008年March月）．Gay Men and the Forms of Contemporary US Culture．London：Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0 7546 7230 1．
- Castells, Manuel 1983. The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-Cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements. Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press.
- D'Emilio, John 1992. Making Trouble: Essays on Gay History, Politics, and the University. New York, London: Routledge.
- Escoffier, Jeffrey 1998. American Homo: Community and Perversity. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
- Florida, Richard 2002. The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It's Transforming Work, Leisure, Community and Everyday Life. New York: Perseus Books Group.
- Forest, Benjamin 1995. "West Hollywood as Symbol: The Significance of Place in the Construction of a Gay Identity" Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 13: 133-157.
- Kenney, Moira Rachel 1998. "Remember, Stonewall was a Riot: Understanding Gay and Lesbian Experience in the City" Chapter 5, pp. 120-132 in: Leoni Sandercock (ed) Making the Invisible Visible. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
- Lauria, Mickey and Lawrence Knopp 1985. "Toward an Analysis of the Role of Gay Communities in the Urban Renaissance" Urban Geography 6(2): 152-169.
- Levine, Martin P. 1979. "Gay Ghetto" pp. 182-204 in: Martin Levine (ed) Gay Men: The Sociology of Male Homosexuality. New York, Hagerstown, San Francisco, London: Harper & Row.
- Ray, Brian and Damaris Rose 2000. "Cities of the Everyday: Socio-Spatial Perspectives on Gender, Difference, and Diversity" pp. 507-512 in: Trudi Bunting and Pierre Filion (eds). Canadian Cities in Transition: The Twenty-First Century. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[编辑] 連結
- Memoir and history of gay Upper West Side in Manhattan, NYC
- Counting Gay New York (Gotham Gazette, July 2001)
[编辑] 參見
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